Research Article

 

Effect of Addition of Liquid or Dry Inoculant of Lactic Acid Bacteria Containing Different Starches on the Fermentation Quality and in Vitro Nutrient Digestibility of King Grass Silage

 

Budi Santoso1*, Bambang Tjahyono Hariadi1, Jeni2

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Papua, Manokwari, West Papua 98314-Indonesia; 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Papua, Manokwari, West Papua 98314-Indonesia.

 

Received |August 31, 2019; Accepted | November 12, 2019; Published | November 26, 2019

*Correspondence | Budi Santoso, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Papua, Manokwari, West Papua 98314-Indonesia; Email: b.santoso@unipa.ac.id

Citation | Santoso B, Hariadi BT, Jeni (2019). Effect of addition of liquid or dry inoculant of lactic acid bacteria containing different starches on the fermentation quality and in vitro nutrient digestibility of king grass silage. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 7(12): 1127-1133.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.12.1127.1133

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

 

Copyright © 2019 Santoso et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Introduction

 

Ensiling is a common preservation method for moist forage crops. It is based on the anaerobic fermentation of water-soluble carbohydrates into lactic acid and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Lactic acid is commonly identified as the primary organic acid helping to reduce the pH of the silage. Therefore, LAB are the primary bacterial types utilized in inoculants (Filya et al., 2007). LAB normally grow as epiphytes; however, the population of LAB is usually low and variable in standing crops (Muck, 1990). Thus, addition of a LAB inoculant is needed to improve silage quality (Bureenok et al., 2006). Inoculated silages with LAB can result in a faster decrease in pH, lower final pH values, higher lactic acid: acetic acid ratios, lower ethanol, lower ammonia nitrogen, and increased nutrient digestibility (Yahaya et al., 2004; Santoso et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2018).

 

Whiter and Kung (2001) reported that microbial inoculant in liquid form was more effective than in dry form. Santoso et al. (2015) concluded that silage treated with centrifuged LAB inoculant containing cassava starch had the best fermentation characteristics in king grass silage, as indicated by the highest Fleigh point compared to other silages. Jeni et al. (2010) revealed that drying the LAB inoculant by centrifugation produced higher bacterial viability than freeze drying. The present study was carried out to develop dry LAB inoculant preparation methods, and to evaluate the nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, and in vitro nutrient digestibility of king grass silage treated with liquid or dry LAB inoculant containing different starch.

 

Material and Methods

 

Forage Material

King grass (Pennisetum purpureophoides) was planted in a 20 m2 plot without fertilizer in an experimental field at the Faculty of Animal Science, University of Papua in Manokwari, Indonesia. Grass was harvested with a hand clipper after 50 days of regrowth after defoliation. The experimental field is located at 134°04′ longitude and 00°48′ latitude with a mean altitude of 110 m above sea level. The mean annual rainfall and temperature were 240.5 mm and 28.5 °C, respectively.

 

We prepared liquid LAB inoculant according to modified method of Bureenok et al. (2006) as used also by Santoso et al. (2012), Santoso et al. (2015). The liquid inoculant was prepared using 220 g of fresh king grass, which was macerated in 1000 ml of distilled water using a high-speed blender for 4 min. The macerated material was filtered through two layers of cheesecloth, and 600 ml of filtrate was collected in an Erlenmeyer glass flask containing 18 g of glucose. The filtrate was mixed well and incubated anaerobically for 48 h at 30 °C.

 

Dry LAB inoculant was prepared according to the procedure previously described by Santoso et al. (2015). Briefly, 1000 ml of LAB culture was divided between 4 bottles, each with a capacity of 250 ml, and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was removed, leaving a pellet about 10 ml to 15 ml in volume in each bottle. Pellet material was mixed with 250 g of sterilized cassava or sago starch to form the required LAB inoculant mixtures. Finally, the mixtures were added to king grass silage. Before use, the numbers of LAB in the liquid and dry inoculants were counted, following incubation for 3 days at 35 °C on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar (Bureenok et al., 2006).

 

Silage Preparation and Treatments

The fresh king grass was wilted at room temperature (approximately 28 °C) for 24 h and chopped into lengths of 2 cm to 3 cm. The chopped grass was thoroughly mixed and representative samples obtained. The 5 treatments were as follows (A) king grass without LAB inoculant as the control; (B) king grass + 30 ml liquid LAB inoculant/kg fresh forage; (C) king grass + 30 g dry LAB inoculant containing sago starch/kg fresh forage; (D) king grass + 30 g dry LAB inoculant containing cassava starch/kg fresh forage; (E) king grass + 30 g dry LAB inoculant containing sago and cassava starches/kg fresh forage. All LAB inoculants contained more than 1.0 × 106 cfu/g fresh weight. Silage was fermented in plastic silos, each containing approximately 500 g (fresh weight). The silos were tied using a plastic strap and stored at room temperature (25 °C to 30 °C). The silos were opened after 30 days of ensiling, and chemical composition, fermentation quality, and in vitro digestibility were analyzed.

 

Chemical Analyses

The dry matter (DM) content of silage was determined by weighing samples that had been oven dried at 65 °C for 48 h, and the data were corrected for residual moisture at 105° C. The crude ash content was determined after placing samples in a muffle oven for 3 h at 550 °C. The organic matter (OM) was calculated as weight loss upon ashing. Total nitrogen was measured using a Kjeldahl apparatus and following the procedure of the AOAC (2005). Crude protein (CP) was calculated as total nitrogen × 6.25. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents were determined using the procedure of Van Soest et al. (1991).

 

For the silage fermentation analysis, 20 g of silage was homogenized with 70 ml of distilled water and stored at 4 °C for 24 h, further homogenized for 15 min using a shaker, then filtered through two layers of cheesecloth and a Whatman No. 1542 filter paper. The filtrate was used for determination of pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). The pH value was measured using a glass electrode pH meter (Hanna Hi 9025, Hanna Instruments Italia Srl, Villafrance Padovana, Italy). Concentrations of individual VFAs were obtained using a gas chromatograph (Varian CP-9002 GC, Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with flame ionization detector and stainless-steel column (1,500 mm in length × 3 mm internal diameter). The nitrogen pressure was 1.25 kg/cm2. The temperatures of the injector oven, column oven and detector were 220 °C, 130 °C and 220 °C, respectively. Concentrations of lactic acid and NH3-N were obtained according to the methods of Barker and Summerson (1941), and Chaney and Marbach (1962), respectively. The Fleigh points of each silage sample were calculated according to the following formula:

 

Fleigh point = 220 + (2 × DM% - 15) - (40 × pH)

 

Fleigh point values of between 85 and 100 denote very good quality; 60 and 80, good quality; 55 and 60, moderate quality; 25 and 40, satisfactory quality and < 20 poor quality, of no use (Ozturk et al., 2006).

 

In vitro Nutrient Digestibility

The in vitro digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) following the modified method of Tilley and Terry (1963) as used by Santoso et al. (2019). For each experiment, 25 ml of rumen fluid-buffer mixture in a 1:4 (v/v) ratio was dispensed into a 100 ml glass tube containing 250 mg of dry sample. Triplicates of blank (no feed sample) and standard (Pangola grass) samples were included in each run. Rumen fluid was obtained from the rumens of two fistulated ongole crossbreed cattle in the morning prior to feeding. This fluid was transferred into a pre-warmed thermos flask, taken immediately to the laboratory, and filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. After outgassing to remove CO2 in the tube, corks were tightly inserted into the tubes, which were incubated in a water bath at 39 °C for 48 h. After 48 h of microbial incubation, samples were further incubated at 39 °C for 48 h with an acid-pepsin mixture. Finally, the contents were filtered through pre-weighed Gooch crucibles and dried at 105 °C for 24 h. The percentage loss in weight was determined and presented as in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD). The remaining residue was ashed at 550 °C to determine in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD). The same procedure was carried out for the determination of in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDF).

 

Statistical Analysis

Data on chemical composition, fermentation quality after 30 days of ensiling, and in vitro nutrient digestibility were analyzed using a completely randomized design. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS ver. 9.1 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The results are presented as the mean values and standard error of the means. Differences between treatment means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test.

 

Results and Discussion

 

Chemical Composition of Silages

The moisture content of silage material plays an important role in silage fermentation, because moisture is required by LAB for metabolic reactions, and because it has a significant effect on the initial level and transport of oxygen during the ensilage process (Troller and Stinson, 1981). Table 1 presents the chemical composition of fresh king grass, and king grass silages, after 30 days of ensiling. The DM content of forage influences the fermentation quality of the resulting silage; optimal DM content ranges from 30 to 40% (McDonald et al., 1991). If the DM content was less than 20%, the fermentation process would be dominated by Clostridium, resulting in low quality silage production (Nkosi et al., 2015). In this study, the DM content of all silages varied from 18.7 to 19.8%, which was lower than the ideal value of 30% for silage as suggested by McDonald et al. (1991) and by Chamberlain and Wilkinson (1996). The OM and CP content in king grass silages was affected by the LAB inoculant. Silage treated with liquid LAB inoculant (B) or dry LAB inoculant containing cassava and sago starches (E) had a higher organic matter content than control silage (P<0.05). Organic matter content in all silages was slightly lower than the value of 95.3% reported by Santoso et al. (2015), but it was higher than the value of 85.83% revealed by Khota et al. (2018). Slightly lower NDF and ADF content was observed in silage treated with LAB inoculants (B, C, D and E) than in control silage. It has been reported that activity of cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes is high during ensilage (Yahaya et al., 2004). In another study, Nsereko et al. (2008) concluded that some LAB produced ferulate esterase that can increase the susceptibility of plant cell walls to enzymatic hydrolysis. Similar results have been reported in king grass silage (Santoso et al., 2011, 2015). Reduction in the structural carbohydrate content after ensiling king grass silage with added lactic acid bacteria could be due to enzymatic action, such as from hemicellulase and/or cellulase present in the original forage on cell walls (Santoso et al., 2011).

 

Fermentation Characteristics of Silages

Bacterial inoculants are known to improve silage fermentation and forage conservation. Most commercial inoculants contain primarily LAB. The LAB belong to a group of Gram-positive, low guanine-cytosine containing, nonmotile, non-spore forming, aerotolerant bacteria that ferment hexoses to lactic acid (Kaarel et al., 2003). The fermentation characteristics of king grass silages are shown in Table 2. Silage pH is one of main factors that influence the extent of fermentation and silage quality of ensiled forage, as a low pH ensures that the forage retains a stable form. Silage pH was lowest (P < 0.01) for C, intermediate for B, D and E, and highest for the control (A) at 30 days. Lactic acid bacteria can ferment a wide source of substrates and quickly produce large amounts of lactic acid. Indeed, addition of LAB inoculant significantly increased lactic acid concentrations with a concomitant decrease in pH. Lactic acid is the strongest of all silage acids and its presence decreases the pH more effectively than other VFAs (Danner et al., 2003). In the present study, only the pH value of silage (C) was in the range of 4.0 to 4.5, which was suggested by Chamberlain and Wilkinson as ideal (1996).

 

King grass silages including liquid or dry LAB inoculant (B, C, D and E) had higher lactic acid concentrations than those found in the control silage (A) (P<0.01). The highest lactic acid concentration was recorded in silage with added dry LAB inoculant containing cassava starch (C), at a value of 72.1 g/kg DM. Lactic acid concentration in silage C was slightly higher than in silages D and E. This could be attributed to the higher amylose content of cassava

 

Table 1: Chemical composition (%) of king grass before and after an ensiling period of 30 days.

 

	Before ensiling	Experimental Silages					SEM	P-value
		A	B	C	D	E
Dry matter	21.2	19.4	18.7	19.8	19.8	18.8	0.65	0.65
Organic matter	91.7	89.9b	92.8a	91.1ab	92.1ab	92.3a	0.61	0.01
Crude protein	8.5	8.7b	10.2a	10.8a	9.8ab	9.4ab	0.42	0.05
NDF	73.4	71.9	70.2	70.9	71.3	70.8	1.03	0.86
ADF	48.2	47.0	46.4	45.2	46.1	45.7	0.94	0.71
Hemicellulose	25.2	24.9	23.8	25.7	25.2	25.1	1.04	0.78

 

(A) king grass without LAB inoculant as the control; (B) king grass + 30 ml liquid of epiphytic LAB inoculant/kg of fresh forage; (C) king grass + 30 g dry inoculant of LAB containing cassava starch/kg of fresh forage; (D) king grass + 30 g dry inoculant of LAB containing sago starch/kg of fresh forage; (E) king grass + 30 g dry inoculant of LAB containing sago and cassava starches/kg of fresh forage. Means with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (P<0.05).

 

Table 2: Fermentation characteristics of king grass silage treated with liquid or dry inoculant of lactic acid bacteria after 30 days of ensiling.

 

	Experimental Silages					SEM	P-value
	A	B	C	D	E
pH	5.24a	4.65b	4.29c	4.64b	4.64b	0.06	0.01
Lactic acid (g/kg DM)	55.3b	71.1a	72.1a	69.7a	70.1a	1.63	0.01
NH3-N (g/kg total N)	56.7a	39.7b	31.3c	29.6c	31.9c	0.71	0.01
Acetic acid (g/kg DM)	12.0a	10.0b	9.8c	10.8ab	11.4ab	0.44	0.04
Propionic acid (g/kg DM)	5.8	4.6	4.5	4.2	4.6	0.44	0.16
Butyric acid (g/kg DM)	6.3a	4.6b	3.6b	4.2b	4.4b	0.47	0.02
Total VFA (g/kg DM)	24.1a	19.2b	18.0b	19.2b	20.5ab	0.90	0.01
Lactic acid:Acetic acid	4.6b	7.1a	7.4a	6.5a	6.2a	0.32	0.01
Acetic acid:Total Acids	0.15a	0.11b	0.11b	0.12b	0.13ab	0.01	0.01

 

(A) king grass without LAB inoculant as the control; (B) king grass + 30 ml liquid of epiphytic LAB inoculant/kg of fresh forage; (C) king grass + 30 g dry inoculant LAB containing cassava starch/kg of fresh forage; (D) king grass + 30 g dry inoculant LAB containing sago starch/kg of fresh forage; (E) king grass + 30 g dry inoculant of LAB containing sago and cassava starches/kg of fresh forage. Means with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (P<0.05) and (P<0.01).

 

starch compared to sago starch. Maherawati et al. (2011) and Kartikasari et al. (2016) reported that the amylose content of sago and cassava starches was 40.4 and 48.7%, respectively. The main components of starch are amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is composed of straight chains with low molecular weight, which are easily hydrolyzed, while amylopectin has α (1,6)-linked branch points and a high molecular weight, making it less easily hydrolyzed. During ensiling, LAB can ferment sugar to quickly produce large amounts of lactic acid. Lactic acid in all silages in the present study varied from 55.3 to 72.1 g/kg DM, and was below the 80 to 120 g/kg ideal range recommended by Chamberlain and Wilkinson (1996). However, our lactic acid concentrations were similar to the 54.6 to 72.7 g/kg DM reported by Santoso et al. (2015) in king grass silage treated with lactic acid bacteria.

 

Addition of the liquid or dry LAB inoculant to king grass silages (B, C, D and E) significantly decreased NH3-N concentration compared to the control silage (A) (P<0.01). This result was consistent with that reported by Santoso et al. (2011), who found that use of fermented forage extract increased lactic acid and greatly inhibited clostridial activity, which can cause extensive protein degradation. Owens et al. (2002) reported that during ensiling, protein is degraded to peptides and free amino acids by plant proteases. In addition, degradation of amino acids to ammonia and the non-protein nitrogenous fraction is predominantly due to proteolytic clostridia. Chamberlain and Wilkinson (1996) concluded that NH3-N is an indicator of the proportion of the total N which has been completely degraded during ensiling. Hence, concentration of NH3-N is the best indicator of secondary fermentation. In the present study, silage treated with dry LAB inoculant containing cassava starch had the lowest NH3-N. McDonald et al. (1991) reported that a low pH inhibits protein degradation in silage. In the present study, the low pH values in B, C D and E silages prevented protein degradation. Whiter and Kung (2001) stated that homofermentative LAB reduce proteolysis and deamination of silage through a more rapid fall in pH. Concentrations of NH3-N in B, C, D and E silages in this study varied from 29.6 to 39.7 g/kg total N. This is below the ceiling of 50 g/kg total N for optimally preserved silage proposed by Chamberlain and Wilkinson (1996)

 

The effect of the addition of LAB inoculant on VFA concentrations in king grass silage is shown in Table 2. The addition of LAB inoculant significantly decreased concentrations of acetic acid and butyric acid (P < 0.05), and total VFA (P<0.01), while increasing the lactic acid: acetic acid ratio (P<0.01). Silage C had the lowest acetic acid, butyric acid and total VFA concentrations. The acetic acid: total fermentation acids ratio in all silages varied between 0.11 and 0.15 which is considerably less than the recommended maximum value of 0.20 (Lima et al., 2011). Acetic acid is produced from carbohydrate fermentation by enterobacteria. Acetic acid, however, is a relatively minor end product, and the enterobacteria are therefore not desirable in silage fermentation. Total VFA concentration was lower in silages B, C and D than in silages A and E (P<0.01). Silage C had slightly lower total VFA concentration than silages B or D. These results indicate that the fermentation occurring in silage C was more efficient than that in the other silages. Chamberlain and Wilkinson (1996) stated that the VFAs comprise acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and other acids. The production of these acids results from inefficient fermentation or secondary fermentation of lactic acid to butyric acid and degradation of amino acids to ammonia with the production of acetic acid from the carbon skeleton of the amino acid.

 

A ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid of more than 2:1 indicates a homolactic dominant fermentation (Zhang et al., 2010). As shown in Table 2, ratios in all silages exceeded 2:1. However, the ratios in silages with addition of LAB inoculants were higher than that in the control silage. This result suggests that fermentation where LAB inoculants have been added is dominated more by homo-fermentative bacteria such as L. plantarum.

 

Fleigh point is an indicator used to assess silage fermentation quality and is based on dry matter content and silage pH value. The addition of liquid and dry LAB inoculants increased the Fleigh point of king grass silage (P<0.01) (Figure 1). Based on the classification by Ozturk et al. (2006), silage C was of good quality, silages B, D and E were of moderate quality, and silage A was of satisfactory quality. The Fleigh point of all silages was lower to the 72.83 in an alfalfa-maize silage mixture reported by Ozturk et al. (2006) and the value reported in agricultural wastes-based complete feed silage, which varied from 87.3 to 113.0 (Santoso et al., 2019).

 

 

In vitro Nutrients Digestibility

In vitro digestibility reflects the degree of digestion of substrates by microorganisms in an artificial environment, where rumen conditions are simulated in a test tube. The in vitro digestibilities of components of king grass silage at 30 days of ensiling are shown in Table 3. The addition of liquid or dry LAB inoculant in silages B, C, D and E increased IVDMD (P<0.05) and IVOMD (P<0.01) when compared to the control silage (A). Among silages with addition of dry LAB inoculant, the silage with added dry LAB inoculant containing cassava starch (C) had the highest IVDMD and IVOMD. The addition of liquid or dry LAB inoculant in silages B, C, D and E increased IVDMD by 5.3, 6.7, 6.7 and 5.9% respectively, as well as increasing IVOMD by 6.7, 8.3, 6.5 and 5.2% respectively, in all cases as compared with the relevant result for the control silage. This could be attributed to the differences in fiber content of those silages. Silage A had higher fiber contents (NDF and ADF) than silages B, C, D and E, as shown in Table 1. Our findings are in agreement with those of Santoso et al. (2015), that IVDMD and IVOMD tended to increase in king grass silage treated with LAB inoculant compared to control silage. Furthermore, addition of LAB inoculant significantly increased IVNDFD. Higher IVNDFD appears to be related to the physical characteristics of the forage, especially the NDF and ADF contents. Low NDF and ADF contents in forage resulted in a rapid increase in digestibility of DM, OM and NDF. Silages C and E had higher IVNDFD than other silages (P<0.05). The higher IVNDFD in both C and E silages could be due to their lower ADF contents as shown in Table 1. These results confirm that addition of dry inoculant containing cassava or sago starch could improve in vitro nutrient digestibility.

 

Table 3: In vitro nutrient digestibility (%) of king grass silage treated with liquid or dry inoculant of lactic acid bacteria after 30 days of ensiling.

 

	Experimental Silages					SEM	P- value
	A	B	C	D	E
IVDMD	52.6b	55.4a	56.1a	56.1a	55.7a	0.70	0.02
IVOMD	55.4b	59.2a	60.4a	59.4a	58.6ab	0.48	0.01
IVNDFD	39.8b	41.3ab	41.9a	41.0ab	42.2a	0.42	0.04

 

(A) king grass without LAB inoculant as the control; (B) king grass + 30 ml liquid of epiphytic LAB inoculant/kg of fresh forage; (C) king grass + 30 g dry inoculant of LAB containing cassava starch/kg of fresh forage; (D) king grass + 30 g dry inoculant of LAB containing sago starch/kg of fresh forage; (E) king grass + 30 g dry inoculant of LAB containing sago and cassava starches/kg of fresh forage. Means with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (P<0.05) and (P<0.01).

 

Conclusion

 

Addition of liquid and dry LAB inoculant was effective in improving silage fermentation and promoting the digestibility of king grass. Silage with the addition of dry LAB inoculant containing cassava starch had the best fermentation quality indicated by lowest pH value and highest Fleigh point.

 

Acknowledgement

 

This study was financially supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture through its “Hibah Bersaing” program.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

There is no conflict of interest.

 

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION

 

All authors contributed equally.

 

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