Research Article

 

Effect of Supplementation Organic Acid Salt and Probiotics Derived from Silage of Kumpai Tembaga Grass on Quality Carcass and Meat of Pegagan Duck

 

Meisji Liana Sari, S. Sandi*, F. Yosi, A.N.T. Pratama

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia.

 

Received | July 01, 2019; Accepted | November 12, 2019; Published | November 26, 2019

*Correspondence | S. Sandi, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia; Email: sofiasandi_nasir@yahoo.com

Citation | Sari ML, Sandi S, Yosi F, Pratama ANT (2019). Effect of supplementation organic acid salt and probiotics derived from silage of kumpai tembaga grass on quality carcass and meat of pegagan duck. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 7(12): 1120-1126.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.12.1120.1126

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2019 Sari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Introduction

 

Duck carcass and meat are one of the poultry products widely consumed due to it cheapness compare to cow meat. The increase of carcass and meat production can be achieved by improving ration quality fed in an optimum way. In addition to nutrition intake, an additional supplement can be added into ration to enhance animal growth as well as carcass and meat in form of probiotic and organic acid salt. The secondary metabolite produced from silage forage swamp particularly kumpai tembaga grass has the potential use as probiotic and organic acid. According to Sandi et al. (2017), kumpai tembaga silage provides a larger amount of lactic acid and its corresponding bacteria compare to swamp legume silage and silage of grass combined with the legume.

 

Probiotic is a microbe lives within its host and gives positive influence in enhancing microorganism balance in the digestive tract (Fuller, 1989). It is well known that probiotic provides good influence on livestock performance particularly on increasing the intestine ability to digest ration by improving microflora balance. As the performance of digestive tract increased in absorbing nutrient especially protein, the carcass and meat production will also increase. Sukirmansyah et al. (2016) reported the utilization of probiotic fermentation ration shows no negative effect to the carcass weight, in fact, it was able to increase carcass and slice percentage of Pecking duck in 8 weeks of age.

 

Organic acid acts as an acidifier to create the acidic condition in the small intestine and provide a good environment for Lactobacillus growth and other non-pathogenic microbes but prevent the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and other pathogenic microbes. The better acidifier performance in the small intestine support the activity and digestive enzyme function which enhance ration consumption, increase nutrient absorption, reduce ammonia production and microbial metabolite product which inhibit growth. The organic acid intake as livestock ration is preferred in form of an organic acid salt which can be obtained by mixing organic acid with a base to produce crystal salt. The salt has minimum evaporation as well as decrease the organic acid metabolism within the upper digestive tract of poultry (Negara, 2009). Abdel-Fattah et al. (2008) proved that the addition of organic acid (acidifier) into drinking water or broiler’s ration increase the absorption by improving digestive enzyme function particularly the one which absorbed fiber and protein. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of organic acid salt and probiotic from silage of kumpai tembaga grass intake to the quality of carcass and physical meat of Pegagan duck.

 

Materials and Methods

 

Animal, Diet, Experimental Design and sampling

One-day-old Pegagagan Duck (n = 72) with weight about 26-53 g were randomly selected regardless of sex and reared in six groups randomly allocated with 4 replications each replicating there were 3 ducks for an 4-week period in animal husbandry science experiments from Sriwijaya University, Indonesia. Observation conducted at the end of this study. For every treatment and replication, 2 ducks were taken to measure its carcass and meat quality.

 

Research variables were carcass quality which includes cut weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, carcass slices weight (Soeparno, 2005). The physical quality of meat was meat pH (Apriyanto et al., 1989), water holding capacity, shrinkage and meat tenderness (Hartono, 2013). The design used in this study was a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications which were P0 (basal ration), P1 (ration + probiotics), P2 (ration + organic acid salt), P3 (ration + tetracycline), P4 (+ ratio organic acid salts + probiotics) and P5 (rations + organic acid salts + probiotics + tetracyclines). Organic acid salts (0.2%), tetracyclines (0.2%) and probiotics (0.02%) are given daily for 4 weeks by mixing them into rations.

 

Ration and drinking water were given ad-libitum consumption throughout the period. The experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for poultry according to National Research Council (NRC, 1994). Starter and replace grower with the finisher diets were fed from days 1 to 21 and from days 22 to 35, respectively. The ration composition and nutrients content were made as displayed in Table 1.

 

Table 1: Composition and nutrients content of basal ration used in the research.

 

Feed Ingredients	Total(%)
	Starter phase	Finisher phase
Corn powder	53.50	67.00
Bran	3.00	5.00
Concentrate	43.00	27.00
Premix	0.50	1.00
Nutrients content
EM (kcal EM/Kg)	2916.43	3012.55
Crude Protein (%)	22.10	17.09
Crude Fiber (%)	6.30	5.65
Extract Ether (%)	0.86	0.54
Ca (%)	3.45	2.18
P (%)	0.40	0.38

 

Note: Nutrition need according to NRC (1994).

 

Preparation of Organic Acid Salt

Organic acid salt was made through acid-base neutralization reaction. The acid was obtained from the supernatant of silage complete ration liquid whereas base was ZnO (12.5%). Supernatant from each silage liquid was reacted with a base at pH 12 and then left for 24 hours in room temperature. Salt precipitated was separated from the supernatant by centrifugation (3000 rpm for 15 minutes). The precipitate was dried in an oven (60 ℃) for 3 days and grinded to obtained fine particles (Negara, 2009).

 

Preparation of Probiotic

Probiotic used in this research was collected from lactic acid bacteria isolated from silage of kumpai tembaga grass. The lactic acid bacteria isolate was cultured in MRSB (deMannRogosa Sharpe Agar in form of liquid/broth) and then incubated for 48 hours. The bacteria culture was centrifuged in 3000 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain a substrate from the supernatant. The substrate was mixed with milk skim and maltodextrin 5% (w/w). The next step was dried spray at 160 to 180℃. The result of this process was powder product ready to add in ration (Bregni et al., 2000).

 

Statistical analyses

Data obtained from observations and measurements will be analyzed based on one way anova analysis, if there is a significant difference between treatments then it will be followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (Steel and Torrie, 1993).

 

Results

 

Based on the results of data analysis showed that supplementation of organic acid salts and probiotics did not give a significant increase (P>0.05) to carcass and meat

 

Table 2: The average of Pegagan duck carcass quality treated by organic acid salt and probiotic.

 

code	Live weight (Kg)	Carcass weight (Kg)	Carcass percentage (%)	Thigh percentage (%)	Breast percentage (%)	Back percentage (%)	Wing percentage (%)
P0	1.18 ± 0.10	0.66 ± 0.03	56.67± 3.98	24.82 ± 2.01	35.64 ± 2.41	20.08 ± 0.49	16.23 ± 0.44
P1	1.21 ± 0.12	0.71 ± 0.09	58.93± 5.24	27.69 ± 6.32	38.88 ± 2.57	18.55 ± 1.65	17.31 ± 1.38
P2	1.19 ± 0.04	0.69 ± 0.04	58.12± 2.57	24.03± 1.99	36.95 ± 2.04	20.19 ± 1.40	15.82 ± 0.39
P3	1.21 ± 0.11	0.77 ± 0.08	63.67± 2.17	24.44 ± 1.75	37.30 ± 2.29	19.62 ± 0.93	16.88 ± 1.56
P4	1.13 ± 0.05	0.74 ± 0.12	64.75± 8.35	23.05 ± 5.06	36.97 ± 5.28	18.64 ± 3.07	16.31 ± 3.11
P5	1.24 ± 0.04	0.81 ± 0.02	65.56 ± 2.71	24.42 ± 3.07	38.46 ± 2.05	18.15 ± 1.59	16.25 ± 0.42

 

Note: P0 (basal ration), P1 (ration + probiotic), P2 (ration + organicacidsalt), P3 (ration + tetracycline), P4 (ratio + organicacidsalt + probiotic) and P5 (ration + organicacidsalt + probiotic + tetracycline).

 

quality in pegagan duck. however, the data shows a tedency towards an increase in carcasses of pegagan duck.

 

Carcass Quality

The effect of organic acid salt and probiotic product from kumpai tembaga grass silage on carcass quality is shown in Table 2. Analysis of variance shows that organic acid salt and probiotic treatment is not statistically significant (P>0.05) to live weight, carcass weight and percentage of Pegagan duck. The mean values of the treatment group included live weight, carcass weight and carcass percentage ranging from 1.13 to 1.24 Kg, 0.66 to 0.81 Kg, and 56.67 to 65.56%.

 

Meat Physical Quality

The effect of organic acid salt and probiotic product from Kumpai tembaga grass silage on the meat physical quality is shown in Table 3. Analysis of variance result shows no statistically significant difference between the treatment of probiotic and organic acid salt and untreated in term of meat pH (P>0.05). The mean value of the meat pH treatments group ranging from 6.53 to 6.70, while in the water holding capacity (WHC), shrinkage and tenderness ranging from 41.04 to 43.31%, 40.29 to 41.99%. and 4.83 to 5.44 N.

 

DISCUSSION

 

Live weight

The value of poultry performance is determined mainly based on live weight, carcass weight, and carcass percentage. Pegagan duck live weight after 4 weeks treatment by probiotic and organic acid salt was between 1.13 and 1.24 kg. This result higher than obtained by Puspani et al. (2016) i.e. 0.95-1.08 kg which was treated local duck by probiotic supplement into the basal ration, but lower than result reported by Nugraha et al. (2016) i.e. 1.59-1.62 kg when using citric acid addition as acidifier into male duck ration. The carcass weight and percentage of the Pegagan duck after the treatment given were 0.66-0.81 Kg and 56.67-65.56%. This result higher than reported by Sukirmansyah et al. (2016) whom used Peking duck and obtained result 0.83-0.90 kg and 51.67-54.04% of carcass weight and percentage respectively. Furthermore, it is showed that probiotic and organic acid salt treatments did not significantly affect the commercial carcass slice percentage (thighs, breast, wing, and back).

 

Table 3: Average value of meat physical quality of Pegagan duck treated by organic acid salt and probiotic.

 

Treatment	Meat pH	Water holding capacity (%)	shrinkage (%)	Tenderness (N)
P0	6.60±0.14	42.61±3.10	41.99±9.15	5.52±0.20
P1	6.68±0.13	41.96±3.31	41.02±3.65	5.17±0.49
P2	6.70±0.14	43.32±3.61	40.37±2.79	5.41±0.21
P3	6.53±0.05	42.44±5.85	41.21±2.03	5.02±0.23
P4	6.58±0.10	41.71±3.97	40.29±1.10	5.26±0.36
P5	6.53±0.05	41.05±5.00	41.67±1.54	5.42±0.15

 

Note: P0 (basal ration), P1 (ration + probiotic), P2 (ration + organicacidsalt), P3 (ration + tetracycline), P4 (ratio + organicacidsalt + probiotic) and P5 (ration + organicacidsalt + probiotic + tetracycline).

 

The results confirmed that there was no effect of organic acid salts and probiotics between being treated with no treatment of live weight. Sihite and Pakpahan (2015) suggested that probiotics obtained from Streptococcus thermophillus and Bacillus cereus could not increase local duck weight. Research by Natsir and Sjofjan (2008) also confirms that the treatment of organic acids (citric and lactic acid) has no effect on live weight. Furthermore, the authors reason that the absence of influence was due to similar ration composition. Srigandono (1997) described that live weight was affected by the ration consumption as well as its nutrient composition. Sudiyono and Purwatri (2007) added that live weight also affected by ration quality and livestock growth rate. The rate of growth is indicated by an increase in body weight which in turn affect live weight increment. The absence of probiotic and organic acid effect can also cause by insufficient dosage given as reported by Astuti et al. (2015). According to this author, probiotic won’t effectively work if it was given in inappropriate dosage. Owings et al. (1990) reviewed that several attempts of probiotic use did not give satisfying result due to some reason i.e. dosage level given and bacterial resistance ability within an extreme condition of the digestive tract and short duration treatment. Soltan (2008) reported the effect of organic acid used in a single dose or in cocktail ration mixture to depend on the organic acid type, original source and its amount given as does with livestock condition and ration composition.

 

Our findings are similar to Mulyani et al. (2013) who used a different probiotics to produce citric acid compounds, i.e 53.96-62.25%. Sastroamidjojo (1990) suggested that in general the percentage of carcass can be obtained ranged from 50 to 60%. Sukirmansyah et al. (2016) obtained a similar result that carcass weight and percentage were not affected by fermentation probiotic as well as result reported by Mulyani et al. (2013). The carcass weight is correlated to carcass percentage hence obtain a similar result while carcass weight influenced by the live weight of the livestock. Gunawan and Sunandari (2003) suggest that carcass weight is affected by live weight in a proportional way i.e. higher live weight results in higher carcass weight.

 

Carcass weight and percentage of Pegagan duck

Table 2 displays the tendency of probiotic and organic acid treatment effect on the increase of carcass weight and percentage. This result indicates organic acid and probiotic combined treatment provide good influence by improving the optimal nutrient absorption within livestock. Candrasih and Bidura (2001) described the use of probiotic in the ration increase the lysine analog content and aminoethyl cysteine within the digestive tract. These compounds were converted into lysine amino acid and cysteine and enhance protein retention which is important in meat formation. Faishal et al. (2013) suggested protein and amino acids intake added in the ration, suffice the amount needed by the metabolism hence increase tissue synthesis which produces more body weight as well as carcass weight. Waspodo (2001) reported that probiotic role is not only to maintain the ecosystem balance but also to provide enzyme needed for digestion of crude fiber, protein, and lipid, whereas organic acid role as acidifier of the digestive tract to maximize digestion process and nutrient absorption (Nugraha et al., 2016). Sibarandi (2014) concluded organic acid administration (citric and butyric acid) gave a positive effect of ration efficiency. Acid condition triggered absorption surface to increase on jejunum epithelial cell. Larger absorption surface area increases the digestibility of ration which in turn positively correlated with carcass weight and percentage increase and a decrease of lipid.

 

The treatment of probiotic and organic acid salt hence produced a relatively same percentage of commercially carcass slice with untreated duck. This similarity probably due to carcass weight and the percentage which is statistically not significant as well. Arlyanda (2010) suggested according to his result that Bacillus probiotic and lactic acid bacteria are not statistically significant to the commercial carcass slice of the broiler. Commercial slice of carcass strongly correlated to carcass weight as can be seen on Table 2 hence when it is not statistically significant towards carcass weight, the probiotic and organic acid salt also gave no significant difference towards commercial slice. Siregar and Sabrani (1982) stated that carcass parts percentage closely related to carcass weight whereas carcass weight is related to live weight.

 

It showed that the highest carcass slice can be found at breast part which is in accordance with Summers (2004) result. This author concluded that meat of carcass highly deposits on breast part. Parkhust and Mountney (1997) explained the meat at the breast part indicates the spread of meat on other body parts. Auvergne et al. (1991) found out live weight is the main factor which influenced breast muscle’s growth. The breast muscle growth depends on ration consumption. The tendency of breast muscle builds up possibly due to enzyme availability which able to digest crude fiber, protein, and lipid (Waspodo, 2001) and probiotic ability to improve nutrient absorption. All the reason previously described trigger body weight increase as well as the cut weight which in turn increase breast part of the carcass slice.

 

According to Jayanata and Harianto (2011), the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used as probiotic able to increase food digestibility of poultry, increase nutrient absorption and convert it into muscle. Bacteria also able to adhere and create a colony within the digestive tract and prevent pathogenic bacteria to grow. The LAB competes with the pathogen to absorb food and produced an anti-microbial compound which further prevent other pathogenic organisms to compete in obtaining food within the digestive tract (Fuller, 2011). Paul et al. (2007) found several factors such as pathogenic bacteria and stress condition give a negative effect on intestinal microflora and intestine epithelia. This negative condition change cell permeability which provides body resistance, causing harmful substance formation and pathogenic bacteria penetrate into the small intestine cell. The final effect of this occasion is metabolism disturbance such as nutrient digestion and absorption. Organic acid act as acidifier source creates an acidic condition in the digestive tract. The acid condition stimulates an increase of cholesterol taken from blood to form bile salt and normalize pH of the digestive tract (Yulianti et al., 2013).

 

pH

The value of meat quality can be determined based on meat pH, water holding capacity (WHC), shrinkage and tenderness Average pH of the duck’s meat is between 6.53 to 6.70. This value is higher than reported by Sari et al. (2015) i.e. 5.70 – 6.20 but close to the meat pH obtained by Wicaksono (2016) i.e. 6.36 – 6.94. Moreover, the result indicates the effect of organic acid salt and probiotic treatment is not statistically significant on the water holding capacity, cooking shrinkage, and meat tenderness. The average value of water holding capacity (WHC) is 41.04 – 43.31%. This value is lower than result by Huda et al. (2011) at 48.39 – 49.76% or by Winaztika et al. (2014) at 71.84 – 74.21%. Cooking shrinkage average value calculated in this research is 40.29 – 41.99%. This value is close to value by Huda et al. (2011) i.e. 37.84 – 41.98% but smaller than value by Prissa et al. (2014) i.e. 30.30 – 32.65%. The average value of meat tenderness is 5.02 – 5.52N. This value is approximately the same with data result by Tugiyanti et al. (2016) i.e. 4.83 – 5.44N and higher to data result by Wahyuni et al. (2016) i.e. 1.42 – 2.86 N of Pegagan duck.

 

Furthermore, inadequate doses of organic acid salts and probiotic doses of 0.2% and 0.02% respectively in the ration caused an insignificant effect on ph of meat. Mesrawati (2001) reported the addition of probiotic into ration increase useful microbe population, suppress unwanted bacteria and improve the microbial balance in the digestive tract. Digestive tract microbe produces various enzyme such as protease which assists protein hydrolysis and made it absorbed by the system easily and improve livestock performance. On the other hand, carbohydrate i.e. glucose was stored within muscle as glycogen. The less glucose being absorbed; the glycogen store will proportionally decrease.

 

The low glycogen stored in the muscle impacted the decrease of lactic acid formed during rigor mortis and decrease the pH. Rigor mortis is a muscle stiffness after slaughter due to the combination of actin and myosin to form actomyosin (Suradi, 2006). According to Lyon and Buhr (2005) during post-mortem, glycolysis occurs anaerobically using muscle glycogen and initiate lactic acid formation. The pH decreases in post-mortem muscle highly affected by glycolysis rate. The low stored glycogen in the muscle prior to slaughter caused low lactic acid formation and also decrease the muscle pH (Arbele et al., 2001).

 

Water Holding Capacity (WHC)

The non-significant result in WHC is in accordance with the result by Yosi and Sandi (2014) which also obtained no statistically significant difference. Hartono et al. (2013) suggest the high value of meat pH inflict closed structure of meat hence WHC is higher whereas a low value of pH inflict the open structure of meat and lower the WHC of meat. Lawrie (2003) found that pH decrease affects the protein denaturation to increase henceforth decrease protein along with water holding capacity. In general, cooking shrinkage found is in the normal range. Law (2003) reported the cooking shrinkage has a various value between 15 to 54.5%. Soeparno (2005) reported the value of cooking shrinkage is closely related to the water holding capacity. The low value of cooking shrinkage indicates a small amount of water will recede during the cooking process and nutrition loss will be low. Mulyati (2003) found out that meat with low cooking shrinkage value will have better quality compare to high cooking shrinkage value.

 

Tenderness

The meat tenderness value has statistically conclusion same as pH and WHC. Meat tenderness indeed correlated to pH proportionally, it got high when pH also is high. Prayitno et al. (2010) similarly found out that meat tenderness is affected by pH and WHC. The data trend observed for WHC is also the same for tenderness. One of several factors affecting the meat tenderness is protein content. The protein originated from protease activity has the potential of making the meat tender. The proteolytic enzyme made the meat tender by activating the proteolysis of protein within meat myofibril and shortening the protein fragment and made muscle fiber separate easily hence became tender (Krisnaningsih and Yulianti, 2015).

 

The result for pH, WHC, cooking shrinkage and tenderness which is not significant between the treatment, suggest probiotic and organic acid salt possess the potential of substituting tetracycline in affecting the overall physical quality of meat.

CONCLUSION

 

Organic acid salt and probiotic made from Kumpai tembaga grass show potentials as a feed additive. Among the various treatments conducted, the addition of organic acid salt and probiotic gave no statistically significant difference in the carcass and physical meat quality. The treatments, however, tend to increase carcass weight and percentage and the commercial slice particularly breast part.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 

The author would like to gratefully thank you to the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education for research funding through Competence Grant year 2018. Also gratitude to Tri Sutrisno and Azizah Destri Hafiza for participating in this research.

 

Authors Contribution

 

M.L. Sari and S. Sandi conceived of the presented idea. F.Yosi developed the theory and performed the computations. M.L. Sari and A.N.T. Pratama verified the analytical methods. S. Sandi encouraged M.L. Sari to investigate [a specific aspect] and supervised the findings of this work. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

 

Conflict of interest

 

The authors whose names are listed on this journal certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

 

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