South Asian Journal of Life Sciences

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SAJLS_MH20170611060609_Wariss et al

 

 

Research Article

 

Floristic Inventory of Baghdad-Ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan


Hafiz Muhammad Wariss1, 2, 3*, Saeed Ahmad4, Khurshid Alam5, Naila Sarwer6, Shazia Anjum3

1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; 2Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; 3Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan; 4University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; 5Department of Forestry, Rang & Wildlife Management, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan; 6Department of Botany, Bahawalnagar Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

 

Abstract | The aim of the present study was to record the floristic composition and to make an account of plant diversity of Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur covering an area of 1250 Acres. The area was divided into three categories as cultivated area, desert area and faculty area. The area was systematically explored and 305 plant species belonging to 235 genera and 78 families were recorded. Poaceae was found to be the largest family with 45 species followed by Papilionaceae (23 species), Asteraceae (18 species), Euphorbiaceae (12 species), Solanaceae (12 species), Mimosaceae (11 species), Cucurbitaceae (10 species), Moraceae (8 species), Apocynaceae (7 species), Aizoaceae (6 species), Boraginaceae (6 species) and Brassicaceae (6 species). The faculty area had thehighest number of plant species (257) species followed by the cultivated area (191)then the desert area (60). The findings of this study will guide strategies aimed at better management of plant resources in the area.

 

Keywords | Baghdad-ul-jadeed campus, Natural vegetation, Cultivated plants, Life form, Floristic diversity.

 

Editor | Muhammad Nauman Zahid, Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Received | May 11, 2017 Accepted | June 14, 2017; Published | June 29, 2017

*Correspondence | Hafiz Muhammad Wariss, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; Email: muhammad@mail.kib.ac.cn

Citation | Wariss HM, Ahmad S, Alam K, Sarwer N, Anjum S (2017). Floristic inventory of Baghdad-ul-jadeed campus, the Islamia university of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. S. Asian J. Life Sci. 5(1): 5-18.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sajls/2017/5.1.5.18

ISSN | 2311–0589

Copyright © 2017 Wariss et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Introduction

 

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur is located in Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Bahawalpur has always been a seat of higher learning. Uch Sharif (a nearby ancient town) had one of the largest universities in the world where scholars from all over the world studied. As a continuation of this tradition a religious university (Jamia Abbasia) was established at Bahawalpur in 1925, following the academic pursuits of Jamia Al-Azhar, Egypt. The renowned scholars spread the beacon of Islam by teaching Tafseer of Quran, Hadith, Fiqh and History along with other contemporary subjects. In view of changing scenario, Jamia Abbasia was declared a general University in 1975, and renamed as The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Initially, it started functioning at Abbasia and Khawaja Fareed Campus with ten departments. In order to construct a modern and self-contained campus, 1250 acres of land was allotted to the university on eight Kilometer Bahawalnagar road (Figure 1).

 

The Baghdad-ul-Jadeed campus, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, IUB) has three basic habitats, i.e. cultivated area is specific for crop cultivation and agricultural experiment practices, desert area having sand dunes supporting xeric vegetation and faculty area specified for educational, administration, residential and recreational buildings of the campus. The climate of the area is of subtropical continental type, characterized by high temperature, low relative humidity, high rate of evaporation, strong summer winds and low and sporadic rain fall. Annual rainfall ranges between 90-200 mm and temperature between -2C 50C. The soil is made up of alluvial deposits with cultivated area loamy soil, while the desert areas clayey loam soil with low sand dunes at scattered places (Hameed at al., 2002).

 

 

The floristic studies of an area are a prerequisite for ecological and phytogeographical studies and conservation management activities. From an ecological point of view, studies on vegetation structure need to link the flora and vegetation with habitat types (Nicholes, 1930). Floristic inventories provide a baseline for future taxonomic, ecological, ethnobotanical, phytochemical investigations and conservation managements. Ecosystems are continually changing due to pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction and fragmentation. Thus periodic updating of floral diversity in the form of checklists of a region is necessary to understand species to species and species to environment interactions (Tastad et al., 2010; Shaheen et al., 2014; Shinwari et al., 2012, 2015). Many researchers have worked on floristic inventories, composition and vegetation structure in different parts of Pakistan and also floristic studies of different universities campuses also recorded (Sant, 1962; Singh, 1967; Arshad and Rao, 1994; Arshad and Akbar, 2002; Qureshi et al., 2011; Singh, 2011; Ahmad et al., 2012; Malik et al., 2013; Choudhary et al., 2014; Wariss et al., 2013, 2014a, 2014b, 2015).The present study sought to document the floristic diversity, update species naming with local names and determine species distribution in the study area. It will be helpful and serve for the conservation and sustainable management of plant resources of the area.

 

Materials and methods

 

An extensive survey was carried out in the study area during the period between the years 2010-2012 with the objective of collecting plant specimens. The study area was divided into three categories on the basis of topography, soil condition and vegetation type: cultivated, desert and faculty areas. The life form, habit, wild/cultivated status was also observed and recorded. The collected specimens were identified based on previous flora descriptions (Jafri, 1966; Chaudhary 1969-1989, Ali and Nasir, 1989-1992, Ali and Qaiser, 1986; Ali and Qaiser, 1993-2007; Bhandari, 1987, THE PLANT LIST).

 

Results and Discussion

 

A total of 306 plant species belonging to 235 genera and 78 families were identified. The major plant families that contributed in the formation of vegetation of the study area were Poaceae with 45 species followed by Papilionaceae (23 species), Asteraceae (18 species), Solanaceae (12 species), Euphorbiaceae (12 species), Cucurbitaceae (10 species), Mimosaceae (11 species) and Moraceae (8 species). The complete checklist of species along with their family names in alphabetical order, local name, presence in cultivated, desert and faculty area (Habitat wise distribution) and wild or cultivated species, habit and also life form is given in (Table 1, Figure 2 and 3). The floristic composition represented by Gymnosperms with 4 families of 5 genera and 5 species while Angiosperms represented by 73 families, of which 65 families of dicots with 185 genera and 242 species while monocots contributing with 59 species, 45 genera and9 families (Table 2).

 

The faculty area mostly comprises wild and exotic shrubs and trees such as Alstonia scholaris, Nerium oleander, Plumeria rubra, Cassia fistula, Halorrhena pubescens, Tecoma stans, Bombax ceiba, Cordia myxa, Delonix regia, Canna indica, Conocarpus erectus, Quisqualis indica, Terminalai arjuna, Cupressus sempervirens, Thuja orientalis, Jatropha curcas, Lagerstroemia indica, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena lecuocephala, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa, Moringa oleifera, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Bougainvillea glabra, Pongamia pinnata, Saraca asoca, Calligonum polygonoides, Rosa indica, and Tamarix aphylla.

 

In faculty area, grassy lawn also having some wild grasses and herbaceous species as Cenchrus biflorus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Cynodon dactylon, Dichanthium annulatum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Panicum antidotale, Ochthochloa compressa, Poa annua, Vicia sativa, Oxalis corniculata, Fumaria indica, Euphorbia prostrata, Sonchus asper and Launaea nudicaulis.

 

 

 

Table 2: Comprehensive breakdown of plant groups at Baghdad-ul Jadeed Campus, IUB.

Plant Group

Genera

Species

Families

Gymnosperms

5

5

4

Dicots

185

241

65

Monocots

45

59

9

Total

235

305

78

 

Several of the naturally growing herbs, Shrubs and woody species in the desert area like Acacia nilotica, Acacia jacquemonti, Capparis decidua, Calotropis procera, Aerva javanica, Dipterygium glaucum, Dalbergia sissoo, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Crotalaria burhia, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Limeum indicum, Launaea resedifolia, Heliotropium crispum, Nonea edgeworthii, Farsetia hamiltonii, Haloxylon salicornicum, Suaeda fruticosa, Citrullus colocynthis, Boerhavia repens, Solanum surattense, Corchorus depressus and Tribulus terrestris.

 

Different crops grown in cultivated area which also having some weeds as Digera muricata, Carthamus oxycantha, Cirsium arvense, Conyza bonariensis, Eclipta alba, Coronopus didymus, Stellaria media, Anagallis arvensis, Cyperus rotundus, Melilotus officinalis, Echinochloa colona, and Solanum nigrum.

 

The majority of the plant species in the study area were cultivated species. It is interesting that the majority of the cultivated plants were the ornamentals, few species was edible ones and many having a medicinal value. In conclusion, University campuses are very diverse and dynamic systems which contain wild and many locally adapted crops, also known as landraces. Hence, these are particularly interesting for in situ conservation and sustainable management of plant resources.

 

Acknowledgements


We would like to thank Prof Dr. Muhammad Arshad (Late) who suggested and guided during this study and Muditha Kasun Meegahakumbura, Wambulwa Moses Chelotito review manuscript.


Conflict of Interest

 

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.


Author contribution

 

Hafiz Muhammad Wariss collected field data and prepared early draft of manuscript while help in preparing and designing the manuscript and figures.

 

References

 

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    Table 1: A complete list of distribution, status (cultivated/wild), habit andlife form of plant species at Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, IUB.

    Family

    Species

    Local Name

    Cultivated area

    Desert Area

    Faculty Area

    Cultivated/

    Wild

    Habit

    Life Form

    Agavaceae

    Frucraea foetida (L.) Haw.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Aizoaceae

    Gisekia pharnaceoides L.

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Limeum indicum

    Stocks ex T. Anderson

    -

    +

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Sesuvium sesuvioides(Fenzl) Verdc.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Trianthema portulacastrum L.

    Lal itsit

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Trianthema triquetra Rottl. and Willd.

    Alvaiti

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Zaleya pentandra (Linn.) Jeffrey

    It sit

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Amaranthaceae

    Achyranthes asperaLinn.

    Phut kanda

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Aerva javanica(Burm. F.) Juss. Ex J.A. Schultes

    Bui

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Alternanthera sessilis(Linn.) DC.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Amaranthus viridisLinn.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Digera muricata(L.) Mart.

    Tandula

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Anacardiaceae

    Mangifera indica L.

    Aam

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Apiaceae

    Anethum graveolens Linn.

    Soy

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Foeniculum vulgareMill.

    Saunf

    +

    +

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague

    Ajwain

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Apocynaceae

    Alstonia scholaris(Linn.) R.Br.

    Gul-shetaan

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Carissa carandas Linn.

    Karanjwa

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. Ex G. Don

    Chandni

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Nerium oleander Linn.

    Kaner

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Plumeria rubra L.

    Gul cheen

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

    Chiti chandni

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum.

    Peeli kaner

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Araucariaceae

    Araucaria cunninghamii Sweet

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Arecaceae

    Livistona chinensis (N.J. Jacquin) R. Brown ex Martius

    Fan Palm

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Phoenix dactylifera Linn.

    Khajor

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Phoenix sylvestris(Linn.) Roxb.

    Khaji

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Asclepiadaceae

    Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. F.

    Ak

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Hook. f.

    Seetu

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Leptadenia pyrotechnica(Forssk.) Decne.

    Khip

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Asparagaceae

    Asparagus officinalis L.

    Asparagus

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Climber

    Perennial

    Asphodelaceae

    Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.

    Piazi

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Asteraceae

    Carthamus oxycantha M.Bieb.

    Poli

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Carthamus tinctorius L.

    Qurtam

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Cichorium intybus L.

    Kasni

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

    Laih

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Conyza bonariensis (L.)Cronquist.

    Phulni

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Echinops echinatus Roxb.

    Unt katara

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.

    Bhangra

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Helianthus annuus L.

    Soraj mukhi

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Annual

    Laphangium luteoalbum(L.) Tzvelev

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f.

    Bhattal

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Launaea resedifolia Druce

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Orbivestus cinerascens Sch.Bip.

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Pulicaria crispa Sch.Bip.

    Bui

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

    Unt katara

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Sonchus arvensis L.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Xanthium strumarium L.

    Leedha

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Bignoniaceae

    Tecoma stans(Linn.) Juss. Ex H

    Tecoma

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Campsis radicans(Linn.) Seem.

    Tecoma bail

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Climber

    Perennial

    Bombacaceae

    Bombax ceiba Linn.

    Sumbal

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Boraginaceae

    Cordia myxa L.

    Lasora

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Gastrocotyle hispida (Forssk.) Bunge

    +

    +

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Heliotropium crispumDesf.

    Kali bui

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Heliotropium europaeum L.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Heliotropium strigosum Willd.

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Nonea edgeworthiiA. DC.

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Brassicaceae

    Coronopus didymus (Linn.) Smith

    Jangli Haloon

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Eruca sativa Mill.

    Tara mera

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Farsetia hamiltonii Royle

    Fareed buti

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Lepidium sativumLinn.

    Halion

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Malcolmia africana(Linn.) R. Br.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Sisymbrium irio Linn.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Caesalpiniaceae

    Bauhinia purpurea Linn.

    Kachnar

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Cassia fistula Linn.

    Amal tas

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Cassia occidentalis Linn.

    Chasko

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Shrub

    Annual

    Delonix regia(Bojer) Rafin.

    Gold mohar

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Parkinsonia aculeata Linn.

    Walaiti kikar

    -

    +

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Cannaceae

    Canna flaccida Salisb

    Gul-aqeeq peeli

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Perennial

    Canna indica Linn.

    Gul-aqeeq surkh

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Perennial

    Capparidaceae

    Capparis decidua(Forssk.) Edgew.

    Karir, deela

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Capparis spinosa Linn.

    Deela

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Cleome viscosa L.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Dipterygium glaucumDecne.

    Fehl

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Caryophyllaceae

    Arenaria serpyllifolia L.

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Spergula arvensis L.

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Spergularia media(L.) Presl

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Stellaria media (L.) Vill

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Chenopodiaceae

    Chenopodium album Linnaeus

    Bathu

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Chenopodium muraleLinnaeus

    Krund

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Haloxylon salicornicum(Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss.

    Lana

    -

    +

    -

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Salsola imbricata Forssk.

    Lani

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Suaeda fruticosaForssk. Ex J. F. Gmelin

    Kali lani

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Combretaceae

    Conocorpus erectus L.

    -

    +

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Quisqualis indica Linn.

    Jhumka bail

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Climber

    Perennial

    Terminalia arjuna(Roxb. Ex DC.) Wight & Arm

    Arjan

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Convolvulaceae

    Convolvulus arvensis Linn.

    Vanvari

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Cucurbitaceae

    Citrullus colocynthis(Linn.) Schrad.

    Kor tumma

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mats. & Nakai

    Tarbooz

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo

    Tinday

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Cucumis melosubsp.melovar. melo

    Kharbooza

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Cucumis melosubsp.agrestisvar.agrestis Naudin

    Chibhar

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Cucumis sativus Linn.

    Kheera

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Cucurbita moschata (Duch. Ex Lam.) Duch. Ex Poir.

    Halwa-kadoo

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roem.

    Ghia-tori

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Momordica charantia Linn.

    Karela

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Mukia maderaspatana(Linn.) M.J. Roem.

    Chirati

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Cupressaceae

    Cupressus sempervirens L.

    Saroo

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Thuja orientalis L.

    Mor-pankh

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Cuscutaceae

    Cuscuta reflexa L.

    Akas-bail

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Parasite

    Annual

    Cycadaceae

    Cycas revolutaThunb.

    Cycas

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Cyperaceae

    Cyperus rotundusLinnaeus

    Murki

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Sedge

    Perennial

    Euphorbiaceae

    Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. Ex Spreng.

    Neel-kari

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Euphorbia granulataForssk.

    Hazar dani

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Euphorbia helioscopia L.

    Chatri dhodak

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Euphorbia hirta L.

    Dhodal

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Euphorbia prostrataAit.

    Hazar dani

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Euphorbia royleanaBoiss.

    Danda thor

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Euphorbia tirucalli L.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Jatropha integerrima Jacq.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Jatropha curcas L.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Phyllanthus emblica L.

    Amla

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Ricinus communis L.

    Arind, harnoli

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Fumariaceae

    Fumaria indica(Hausskn.) Pugsley

    Pit-papra

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Gentianaceae

    Centaurium pulchellum(Sw.) Druce

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Lamiaceae

    Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth.

    Tukhm malanga

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

     Mentha arvensis L.

    Podina

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Perennial

    Ocimum basilicum L.

    Niazbo

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Perennial

    Ocimum tenuiflorum L.

    Tulsi

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Perennial

    Liliaceae

    Allium cepa Linn.

    Piaz

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Allium sativum Linn.

    Thoom,Lahsin

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.

    Kanwar gandal

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Perennial

    Ruscus hypophyllum Linn.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Linaceae

    Linum usitatissimum Linn.

    Alsi

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Lytheraceae

    Lagerstroemia indica Linn.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Lagerstroemia speciosa(Linn.) Pers.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Lawsonia inermis Linn.

    Mehndi

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Malvaceae

    Abelmoschus esculentus(Linn.) Moench

    Bhindi

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Annual

    Abutilon muticum(Del.ex DC.) Sweet

    Akari

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Gossypium hirsutum Linn.

    Kappas

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Annual

    Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.

    Show flower

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Malvastrum coromendelianum(Linn.) Garcke

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Meliaceae

    Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.

    Neem

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Melia azedarach Linn.

    Bakain

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Mimosaceae

    Acacia ampliceps Maslin

    Australian kikar

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd.

    Australian kikar

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Acacia jacquemontiiBenth.

    Banwali

    -

    +

    -

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Acacia nilotica(Linn.) Delile

    Kikar

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Acacia victoriae Benth.

    Australian kikar

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

    Shareen

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) de Wit

    Ipil-Ipil

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.

    Jangal jalebi

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Prosopis cineraria(Linn.) Druce

    Jand

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Prosopis glandulosa Torr.

    Maskit

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC.

    Maskit

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Molluginaceae

    Mollugo cerviana (L.) Seringe

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Moraceae

    Ficus bengalensis L.

    Bohir

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Ficus benjamina L.

    Ficus

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Ficus carica L.

    Anjeer

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Ficus elasticaRoxb. Ex Hornem.

    Rubber plant

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Ficus infectoria

    Pilkhan

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

     Ficus religiosa L.

    Peepal

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Morus alba L.

    Toot

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Morus macroura Miq.

    Shatoot

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Moringaceae

    Moringa oleifera Lam.

    Suhajna

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Musaceae

    Musa paradisica Linn.

    Keela

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Perennial

    Myrtaceae

    Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) Sweet.

    Bottle brush

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.

    Safeeda

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.

    Safeeda

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Eugenia jambolana Lam.

    Jaman

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Psidium guajava L.

    Amrood

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Neuradaceae

    Neurada procumbens L.

    Chapri

    -

    +

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Nyctaginaceae

    Boerhavia repens Linn.

    Biskhapra

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Bougainvillea glabraChoisy

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Bougainvillea spectabilisWilld.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Oleaceae

    Jasminum grandiflorum Linn.

    Chambali

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Jasminum humile Linn.

    Chambali

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Jasminum sambac(Linn.) Ait.

    Motia

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Olea europaea Linn.

    Zaitoon

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Oxalidaceae

    Oxalis corniculata L.

    Khatti booti

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Papaveraceae

    Argemone mexicana Linn.

    Sattya nasi

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Papaver somniferum Linn.

    Khaskhas

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Papilionaceae

    Alhagi maurorumMedic.

    Jamahan

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Crotalaria burhiaBuch.-Ham. Ex Benth.

    Chag

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Crotalaria medicaginea var. medicaginea

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Shrub

    Annual

    Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Linn.) Taubert

    Gawar

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Annual

    Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

    Sheesham

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Erythrina suberosa Roxb.

    Gul-nishtar

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.

    Mulathi

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Indigofera sessiliflora DC.

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Medicago polymorpha Linn.

    Maina

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Medicago sativa Linn.

    Lucran

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Melilotus albaDesr.

    Sinji chiti

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Melilotus officinalis (Linn.) Pall.

    Sinji peeli

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Psoralea corylifolia Linn.

    Banchi

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Rhynchosia capitata (Heyne ex Roth) DC.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Rhynchosia minima (Linn.) DC.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek 

    Mongi dal

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre

    Sukh chan

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde

    Ulta ashok

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Sesbania sesban var. sesban

    Jantar

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Shrub

    Annual

    Trifolium alexandrianum Linn.

    Berseem

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Trigonella monantha ssp.incisa (Benth.) Ali 

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Vicia sativa Linn.

    Rawari

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindirica (Linn.) van Eseltine

    Rawan

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Annual

    Pedaliaceae

    Sesamum indicum Linn.

    Til

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Pinaceae

    Pinus roxburghiiSargent

    Pinus

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Piperaceae

    Piper nigrum L.

    Kali mirch

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Plantaginaceae

    Plantago ovataForssk.

    Isabghol

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Poaceae

    Aristida adscensionis Linn.

    Lumb

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Aristida funiculataTrin. & Rupr.

    Lumb

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Arundo donax Linn.

    Narra

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Avena fatua subsp. meridionalis Malz.

    Jai, Javi

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Annual

    Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Sieb. Ex Munro

    Bans

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Perennial

    Brachiaria reptens(Linn.) Gardner & Hubbard

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Cenchrus biflorusRoxb.

    Leedha

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Cenchrus ciliaris Linn.

    Dhaman

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Cenchrus setigerusVahl

    Dhaman

    +

    +

    -

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Chloris gayana Kunth

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Perennial

    Cymbopogon jwarancusa(Jones) Schult.

    Qatran, Khawi

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Cymbopogon citratuts (DC.)Stapf.

    Lemon grass

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Perennial

    Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers.

    Khabar, talla

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Dactyloctenium aegyptium(Linn.) Willd.

    Madhana ghaa

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Desmostachya bipinnata(Linn.) Stapf

    Dhabb

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Digitaria sanguinalis (Linn.) scop.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Diplachne fusca(Linn.) P. Beauv. Ex Roem. & Schult.

    Kallar gha

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Echinochloa colona(Linn.) Link

    Sawank

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Eleusine indica(Linn.) Gaertn.

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Eragrostis barrelieri Day.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Hordeum vulgare Linn.

    Jao

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Annual

    Imperata cylindrica(Linn) Raeuschel.

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Lasiurus scindicusHenr.

    Sewan

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Ochthochloa compressa(Forssk.) Hilu

    Ghandhel, Chember

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Panicum antidotaleRetz.

    Murrat

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Panicum turgidum Forssk.

    Bansi ghaa

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Perennial

    Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribner 

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Pennisetum divisum (Gmel.) Henr.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Perennial

    Pennisetum glaucum (Linn.) R. Br.

    Bajra

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Annual

    Phalaris minor Retz.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Poa annuaLinn.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Polypogon monspeliensis(Linn.) Desf.

    Dumbi citi

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Saccharum bengalenseRetz.

    Sarkanda, Kana

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Saccharum officinarumLinn.

    Ganna

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Perennial

    Saccharum spontaneumLinn.

    Sachi sir

    +

    +

    -

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Setaria pumila(Poir.) Roem. & Schult.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Setaria verticillata (Linn.) P. Beauv.

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Sorghum halepense (Linn.) Pers.

    Baroo

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench.

    Jawar

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Annual

    Sporobolus ioclados(Nees ex Trin.) Nees

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Perennial

    Tragus roxburghiiPanigrahi

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Grass

    Annual

    Triticum aestivumLinn.

    Gandam

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Annual

    Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Nash

    Khaskhas

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Perennial

    Zea maysLinn.

    Maki, Corn

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Grass

    Annual

    Polygonaceae

    Calligonum polygonoides Linnaeus

    Phog

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M. Gomes

    Kala vera

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Rumex dentatusLinnaeus

    Jangli palak

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Portulaceae

    Portulaca oleraceaLinn.

    Launak

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Portulaca quadrifida Linn.

    Launak

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Primulaceae

    Anagallis arvensis L.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Punicaceae

    Punica granatum Linn.

    Anar

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Ranunculaceae

    Nigella sativa L.

    Kalonji

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Ranunculus muricatus L.

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Ranunculus sceleratus L.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Resedaceae

    Oligomeris linifolia(Vahl.) Macbride

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Rhamnaceae

    Zizyphus mauritianaLam.

    Beri

    +

    +

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Zizyphus nummularia (Burm. F.) Wight & Arn.

    Beri

    +

    +

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Zizyphus spina-christi(L.)Willd.

    Beri

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Rosaceae

    Prunus persica(L.) Batsch

    Aroo

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Rosa banksiaeW. T. Aiton

    Gulab

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Rosa centifolia L.

    Gulab

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Rosa x damascena Herrm.

    Gulab

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Rosa indica L.

    Gulab

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Rubiaceae

    Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Hamelia patensJacquin

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Rutaceae

    Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle

    Kaghzi nimbo

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck,

    Malta

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Murraya paniculata (Linn) Jack

    Marva

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Salicaceae

    Populus euphratica Olivier

    Popular

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Salvadoraceae

    Salvadora oleoides Decne

    Jal, Peelu

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Sapindaceae

    Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq.

    Sanatha

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Sapotaceae

    Manilkara zapota (L.) P. van Royen

    Chiku

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Scrophulariaceae

    Leucophyllum candidum I.M. Johnst.

    Silvri

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Simmondsiaceae

    Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid.

    Jojoba

    -

    +

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Solanaceae

    Capsicum annuum L.

    Lal mirch

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Cestrum nocturnum L.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Cestrum diurnum L.

    Din-ka-raja

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Datura innoxia Miller

    Dhatora

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Lycopersicon esculentumMiller

    Tamatar

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaViv.

    Jangli tambakoo

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Physalis divaricata D. Don

    Mamoolay

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Solanum melongena L.

    Baingan

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Herb

    Annual

    Solanum nigrum L.

    Mako

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Solanum surattense Burm. F.

    Kaindari

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal

    Paneer

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

    Ak sin

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Sterculiaceae

    Brachychiton populneum (Schott & Endl.) R. Br.

    +

    -

    -

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Pterospermum acerifolium (Linn.) Willd.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Tree

    Perennial

    Tamaricaceae

    Tamarix aphylla(L.) Karst.

    Ukhan

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Tree

    Perennial

    Tamarix dioicaRoxb. ex Roch

    Lai

    -

    +

    -

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Tiliaceae

    Grewia asiaticaLinn.

    Falsa

    +

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Corchorus depressus(Linn.) Stocks

    Boh phalli

    -

    +

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Corchorus trilocularis Linn.

    +

    -

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Typhaceae

    Typha domingensis Pers.

    Dib

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Sedge

    Perennial

    Verbanaceae

    Duranta repens Linn.

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Lantana camara Linn.

    -

    -

    +

    Wild

    Shrub

    Perennial

    Phyla nodiflora (Linn.) Greene

    Bukan booti

    +

    -

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Vitaceae

    Vitis vinifera Linn.

    Angoor

    -

    -

    +

    Cultivated

    Climber

    Perennial

    Zygophyllaceae

    Fagonia bruguieri var. laxa Boiss.

    Damahan

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Peganum harmala Linn.

    Harmal

    -

    +

    -

    Wild

    Herb

    Perennial

    Tribulus longipetalusViv.

    Bhakra

    -

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual

    Tribulus terrestris Linn.

    Bhakra

    +

    +

    +

    Wild

    Herb

    Annual