Short Communication

 

Effect of Deep Litter System and Effective Microbial Technology on the Occurrence of Diseases and Immunity in Pigs

 

Menalsh Laishram*, Prasanta Saikia1, Parimal Roy Choudhury1, Girin Kalita1, Rameswar Panda2, Lalnuntluangi Hmar1, Pragati Hazarika1

1Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agriculture University, Selesih, Aizawl 796014, Mizoram, India;2Department of Livestock Production and Management, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal 700037.

Editor | Asghar Ali Kamboh, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.

Received | June 25, 2018; Accepted | July 15, 2017; Published | September 20, 2018

*Correspondence | Menalsh Laishram, Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agriculture University, Selesih, Aizawl 796014, Mizoram, India; Email: menalsh08vets@gmail.com

Citation | Laishram M, Saikia P, Choudhury PR, Kalita G, Panda R, Hmar L, Hazarika P (2018). Effect of deep litter system and effective microbial technology on the occurrence of diseases and immunity in pigs. J. Anim. Health Prod. 6(3): 77-79.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2018/6.3.77.79

Copyright © 2018 Laishram et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Successful use of Effective Microbial (EM) reduce stress factors in animals, enhanced immunity and fecundity and lower the requirements of regular medicines and increase the quality and shelf life of pork products (Karanja and Ouma, 2005). There are reports of successful use of EM in poultry and pig farming in many countries (Konoplya and Higa, 2000). Scientists from different parts of the world reported that upon use of EM technology there were greater physiological activity in animals and better feed conversion efficiencies (Safalaoh and Smith, 2001; Konoplya and Higa, 2000). EM contained many naturally occurring beneficial microorganisms, which are both oxybiotic and anaerobic in nature. After ingestion through the medium of feedstuffs, these microbes multiply rapidly and check the growth of other pathogenic microbes but also formed the normal microbiota within the host body system to produce main vitamins for the host, provided nutrients and prevent attack of the pathogens (Li Wei-Jionge, 1994). The present experiment was designed to study the effect of EM technology and deep litter housing system on occurrence of diseases and immunity status of the pigs.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

A total of 24 Large White Yorkshire pigs of 2-3 months age were randomly selected from the stock maintained at Instructional Livestock Farming Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences & AH, Selesih, Mizoram. The animals were put into three treatment groups (T1, T2, & T3) with eight pigs per group.In each group there were four replicates with two pigs. Animals in T1 were kept in deep litter housing system where the deep litter being fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus and laid hours before introduction of the animals. They were given conventional concentrate ration fermented with L. acidophilus. Animals of T2 were also kept on L. acidophilusfermented deep litter housing system and were given conventional concentrate ration.Animals of the T3 groups were kept in conventional housing system and were given conventional concentrate feeds. The experimental animals in all the groups were given anthelmintic which was repeated for every 3 months during the study.

 

The health status of the animals were observed for various diseases like fever, diarrhoea, skin lesions, nasal discharge,etc.For immunological assay, the experimental pigs were vaccinated at the start of the research with lapinized Classical Swine fever virus vaccine. Serum antibody titre was recorded on 0 day followed by 28th, 56th,and 120th day by indirect ELISA (Sarma and Sarma, 1995) with slight modifications. Antibody titres were being compared among the groups for accessing humoralimmune status of the animals.All the data obtained were analyzed using WASP 2.0 (ICAR GOA) developed by Jangam and Wadekar.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The symptoms of diseases viz., diarrhoea and skin infections were comparatively less in pigs of T1 and T2 in which pigs were maintained in deep litter housing with fermented feed (T1) and without fermented (T2) feed (Table 1). The statistical analysis reveals that there were no significant differences (p> 0.05) among the treatments. But the numbers of prevalence of symptoms were reduced in the T1 and T2 as compared to T3. LAB culture in feed might have acted as probiotic to help foster a healthy gut flora and enhanced their immune systems (Corcioni­voschi et al., 2010; Farjardo et al., 2012). Lactic acid bacteria might have inhibited pathogenic bacteria by lowering the gut pH or competing for nutrients in the gut or for binding sites on the intestinal epithelium (Malago et al., 2011). Intestinal pathogens could not adhere to the intestinal epithelium to colonize in the intestine and therefore could not produce diseases viz., diarrhea. The incidence of diarrhea was less in T1 and T2 compared to T3 (Walker, 2000). The low incidence of diseases might also be due the production of numerous antimicrobial products viz., organic acids, ethanol, H2O2, diacetyl, reuterin and bacteriocins (Phumkhachorn and Rattanachaikunsopon, 2010). This positive effect on health of pigs was enhanced due to keeping pigs in deep litter housing system in which pigs were provided with litter materials with sufficient floor space for normal movement. The environment was replenished with many stimuli which motivated pigs for doing activities in T1 and T2 (Gutzmirtl, 2009). This might have reduced the stress level in pigs. The bonding between pen-mates was very strong as aggressive behavior in pigs belonging to T1 and T2 was less compared to pigs in T3. All these factors coupled with feeding of fermented feeds had given good immunity to combat diseases in pigs of T1 and T2 compared to T3 group.

 

The antibody titre in pigs vaccinated against Classical Swine Fever was maintained up to 120 days after inoculation (Table 2). However, effect of deep litter and EM technology on antibody titre was inconsistent and found to be non-significant (p> 0.05) in the statistical analysis in the present study. This might be due to small numbers of animal in the experiment.

 

Table 1: Mortality and Symptoms of diseases observed in pigs during experimental period.

 

Parameters	T1	T2	T3	Total
Symptoms of diseases
Diarrhoea (Freq.)	1 (25.00)	3 (18.75)	5 (21.00)	9
Inappetance (Freq.)	1 (25.00)	2 (12.50)	2 (40.00)	5
Skin infection (Freq.)	2 (50.00)	7 (43.75)	7 (35.00)	16
Eye infection (Freq.)	-	3 (18.75)	2 (40.00)	5
Fever (Freq.)	-	1	-	1
Total	4	16	16	36
Mortality
No. of pigs died	Nil	Nil	Nil	-

 

N.B. Figures in parentheses -% of symptoms. Differences were nonsignificant between the groups.

 

Table 2: Mean antibody titre of pigs in different housing systems against Classical Swine Fever vaccination.

 

Days	0 day	28 days	56 days	120 days
T1	0	1.505	1.806	1.605
T2	0	1.454	1.805	1.806
T3	0	1.304	1.806	1.605

 

N.B. Differences were nonsignificant between the groups.

 

CONCLUSION

 

It could be concluded that deep litter housing with fermented feeding might be an effective technology in reducing occurrences of diseases and also increasing the immunity of the pigs.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 

The authors are thankful to ILFC and Department of LPM, College of Veterinary Science and animal husbandry, SELESIH, AIZAWL, MIZORAM for providing the necessary support and cooperation.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

The authors have no conflict of interest.

 

Authors contribution

 

All authors contributed equally.

 

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