Occurrence , Risk Assessment and Wound Healing Approach of Myiasis in Cattle and Goat in Chittagong , Bangladesh

| The present study was conducted to determine the clinical prevalence of myiasis in cattle and goats at three veterinary hospitals of Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. During the study period overall 2270 cases were observed of which 91 cattle and goats were affected with myiasis. The disease was diagnosed by their clinical history and signs. By using a structured questionnaire several factors like rearing system, species, breed, age, sex and predisposing factors, body part affected and antimicrobials used to treat myiasis wound of each individual case were recorded and subsequently analyzed. The overall proportionate prevalence of myiasis was 4.09% of which 1.67% (n=38) in cattle and 2.42% (n=55) in goat whereas proportionate prevalence in Patiya, Ruma and SAQTVH was 5.52% (N=670), 3.65% (N=1150) and 2.55% (N=550). Younger goat less than 1 year of age had 34 (71.4%) prevalence along with a semi-intensive rearing system 38 (69.09%) showed significantly highest infestation rate. In case of cattle the highest prevalence was found in cross breed 18 (56.2%) but 23 (41.82%) in case of Jamunapari breed of goat. Frequency of myiasis was higher in the vagina (13.99%) than other body regions and the most common predisposing factors were diarrhoea (17%), parturition (12%) and omphalitis (15%). Hematological parameters revealed that eosinophils were the predominated circulation cells. During the treatment of myiasis wound of cattle and goats penicillin and streptomycin combination was used in maximum 38 (40.86%) cases. These findings bring out the wound healing approach, management and treatment of myiasis in cattle and goat within different topography in Chittagong, Bangladesh.


INTRODUCTION
M yiasis is the invasion of any part of the body by the Diptera flies larvae that grow inside the host while feeding on its tissue or body fluids (Nazani et al., 2011).In more specifically Zumpt (1965) defined Myiasis as "the infestation of live vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which at least for a certain period, feed on the host's dead or living tissues, liquid body substances, or ingested food".In general livestock population may be infected by many infectious and parasitic diseases of which myiasis is one of the most familiar arthropod infested disease.Virtually flies that caused myiasis belong to the Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Hypodermatidae, Oestridae and Gasterophilidae families (Serra-Freire and Mello, 2006).The disease is worldwide distributed and affects numerous animal species including human.Among the animal species the most frequent host for myiasis are cattle and goat (46.4%) followed by dogs (15.3%), humans (14.7%), pigs (6%), horses (4%) and sheep (1%) (Berm´udez et al., 2007).It is important to realize ruminants frequently sustain different types of wounds and it appears from the clinical impression that a good percentage of these wounds are complicated with maggot infestation.This problem in cattle and goat is more in the field condition, particularly in the season of fly prevalence ( Juyena et al., 2014).Of course myiasis still remains as an unresolved problem for animal health and production in terms of severe economic losses to the livestock industry in not only developing countries but also developed territories (Otranto and Colwell, 2008).Moreover, report of economic losses in leather industries of Iran shown devaluation of goat hides by warble fly myiasis infestation about 95,800 US$ per year (Shemshadi et al., 2014).The diagnostic investigation is not so easy due to etiology of the disease itself, which can sometimes be caused by several dipterans agents, giving rise to various pathological processes, which might lead to incomplete registration of a case (McGarry, 2014).Thereupon field diagnosis is usually made on the basis of wound history, close examination of the wound, characteristic odor and brownish exudation from the wound and demonstration of maggots.The therapeutic approaches mainly comprise dressing of wounds with tincture of iodine, oil of turpentine or other antibacterial or vermicide agents.

Research
Additionally, there has been seldom reported on the clinical management of myiasis in cattle and goat in Chittagong region of Bangladesh.Considering the facts this study was conducted to estimate the proportionate prevalence, distribution of affected body part, hematological parameters and antimicrobial drug used to cure the wound following the exclusion of maggot from the wound in cattle and goats.

Study deSign
Three months long (February-April, 2014) cross sectional studied was conducted at random selected Ramu upazila veterinary hospital of Cox's Bazaar district and S.A. Quadery teaching veterinary hospital (SAQTVH) and Patiya upazila veterinary hospital of Chittagong district, Bangladesh.Clinical myiasis cases of cattle and goats were studied over the study period.

data ColleCtion
Rearing system, species, breed, age and sex of each individual case were recorded in structural questionnaire.Cases were diagnosed on clinical signs of developed wound infested with maggots and affected regions of each individual case were noted together with drugs prescribed for the management of myiasis wound.

evaluation oF blood paraMeterS
Hematological analysis of a sample was performed on an autohemolyzer within 24 hours of collection of a blood sample in the Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh, according to the biochemical analyzer manual (Humalyzer 3000, Ger-manyR).In total blood was collected from 10 myiasis-goats whose hematological parameters were compared with the reference values.

data analySiS
Data were entered into Microsoft office excel-2007, USA and then exported to STATA version-13 (STATA Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) for statistical analysis.Descriptive analysis was performed on the data of myiasis in relation to different factors.Descriptive analysis was also carried out on the data of myiasis affected regions, hematological parameters and drugs prescribed.Results are presented as frequency and percentage of myiasis against each category of factors.The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.

FrequenCy oF MyiaSiS aCCording to variableS
Prevalence of myiasis in cattle in both intensive (50%) and semi intensive system (50%) was equal.No significant difference was observed in prevalence between breed, age and sex of cattle.In case of goats, myiasis was significantly higher in semi intensively reared goats than those reared in intensive farming systems (p≤0.05).The age of the animal showed that the younger goats less than one year of age had significantly higher prevalence rate than the goats older than one year (p≤0.05).But breed and sex of the animal did not shown significant difference in the prevalence of myiasis (Table 2).

treatMent oF MyiaSiS Wound
Myiasis was managed by removing the maggots with the application of oil of turpentine.In addition, a wide range of antimicrobial drugs was used to prevent secondary infection  during the wound healing process.Significant variation was found to select the antimicrobial agents (p≤0.05).In general penicillin and streptomycin combination was the most frequent (40.86%) used drug followed by Oxytetracycline (29.03%), amoxicillin (19.35) and ciprofloxacin (10.76%) (Table 4).

DISCUSSION
Presence of fly larvae in animal body could reflect a present exposure to the disease myiasis.In this study, ninety three myiasis cases were observed in which proportionate prevalence of myiasis in cattle and goat was 1.67% and 2.42%, whereas, Berm´udez (2007) recorded the most infested (46.4%) host for myiasis were cattle and goat.Alahmed (2004) (Dorchies et al., 2000).
It was pragmatic that cross breed cattle were frequently infested with myiasis than the Red Chittagong and local breed.Similarly, Kara et al. (2005) illustrated as infestation rates of fly larvae was lower in native cattle.On contrary significant variation in prevalence was not found in different goat breed.However, Imtiaz et al. (2014) reported that cross breeds (34.2%) goats were mostly infected by maggot of a fly.
The infection rate was insignificantly higher in cattle more than one year of age than the lower age group, unlike goats where prevalence was higher in the younger group than the older.Kara et al. (2005)  In this study, there was not any significance influenced by sex of cattle and goats.In like manner infection rate in both sexes were also mentioned by different studies (Gebremedhin, 2011;Scholtz et al., 2011;Shoorijeh et al., 2011;Abo-Shehada et al., 2003).While, Radfar and Hajmohammadi (2012) found that female goats were more significantly affected in comparison to male goats.However, in several studies more cases of myiasis were reported in male than the female animals (Kara et al., 2005;El-Rahman, 2010;Orfanou et al., 2011).
The study exposed that, the frequency of maggot infestation was higher in vagina other more common sites of myiasis recorded were tail, umbilicus and inter-digital space of the hoof.ruminants oil of turpentine was used as a maggot repellent.Several antimicrobial drugs were also used to prevent secondary infection.Overall the drugs of β Lactam and the aminoglycoside combined group were used more frequently than other categories of drugs this may be due to convenient availability, price and broad spectrum efficacy of this drug.However, the selection of an aminoglycoside (gentamicin) or fluoroquinolones drug like ciprofloxacin may be an alternative option to check the infection related to multi-drug resistance bacteria from environmental contamination (Ahaduzzaman et al., 2014;Hassan et al., 2014).

CONCLUSION
From current study, it may be concluded that overall prevalence of myiasis in the total population was 4.09% (N=2270).It was observed that both males and females were affected without significant variation.Frequency of maggot infestation was higher in vagina in both cattle and goat.The drugs of streptomycin and penicillin combination were used more frequently to prevent secondary infection.So, proper care during the risk factors control and hygienic management can minimize the infestation level.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Major diseases that predisposes maggot infestation in cattle and goats

Table 1 :
Proportionate prevalence of myiasis in cattle and goats at SAQTVH and Patiya of Chittagong district and Ruma upazila veterinary hospital of Cox's Bazaar district of Bangladesh

Table 2 :
Frequency distribution of myiasis according to rearing system, breed, age and sex of the cattle and goats n (%)

Table 3 :
Body part affected by maggot infestation during the study period in cattle and goats A, Mouth; B, Ear; C, Vagina; D, Tail; E, Umbilicus; F, Penis; G, Scrotum; H, Inter digital space; I, Horn; J, Inguinal region; K, Shoulder; L, Mammary gland Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners October 2016 | Volume 4 | Issue 4 | Page 63

Table 4 :
Frequency distribution of antimicrobial drug prescribed against secondary bacterial infection in clinical myiasis