Nutrient Components and in vitro Digestibility of Treated and Untreated Date Palm Wastes with Mushroom ( Pleurotus florida )

| The current study aimed to evaluate date palm wastes (DPW) and treaded date palm wastes (TDPW) called “spent mushroom substrate” as alternative feeds for ruminants using chemical composition and in vitro gas production technique. Rumen liquor was obtained from three canulated goats fed on concentrate mixture and alfalfa hay. The gas production was recorded after 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. The values of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) in TDPW were higher than that in DPW. The extent of gas production at 72 h was 23.44 and 23.00 ml for DPW and TDPW, respectively. The values of potential degradability (a+b) were 23.39 and 22.94 ml and 0.092 and 0.094 for the rate of gas production (c) in DPW and TDPW, respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between DPW and TDPW in Metabolizalbe energy (ME), net energy (NE), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and microbial protein (MP). There was no significant (p>0.05) difference between DPW and TDPW in short chain fatty acids (SCFA). It could be concluded that treatment of date palm wastes with mushroom improved the potential feeding value of the resultant substrate, and a good potential as feed resources for ruminants.


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oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) on date palm wastes, and the end of several mushroom harvests, the growing material is considered spent oyster mushroom substrate contains enough digestible nutrients and may be suitable to feed animals.Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate date palm wastes and treaded date palm wastes (spent mushroom substrate) as alternative feeds for ruminants using chemical composition and in vitro gas production technique.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dried date palm wastes (branches and leaves) were collected from the Educational Farm, Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of King Saud, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, and chopped into 2-3 cm.A treaded date palm waste (spent mushroom substrate) was prepared according to Khalil et al. (2015).
In vitro gas production was undertaken according to Menke and Steingass (1988).Rumen liquor was obtained from three cannulated goats fed on concentrate mixture and alfalfa hay.Buffer solution was prepared according to Onodera and Handerson (1980) and placed in a shaker water bath at 39 o C with continuous flushing of CO 2 .Approximately 200 mg air dry of date palm wastes (DPW) and treaded date palm waste samples (TDPW) were placed into each syringe.Twenty four syringes were divided to two groups; each group consists of six replicates, two syringes each.The rumen fluid was mixed with buffer at 1:2 v/v, and 30 ml were placed into each syringe, containing the samples (200 mg) according to Blümmel and Ørskov (1993).Four syringes with only buffered rumen fluid were incubated as the blank.The incubation procedure was repeated three times.The gas production was recorded after 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation.The values of total gas production were corrected for the blank sample.Cumulative gas production values was fitted to the potential equation, Gas (Y) = a + b (1-exp -ct ), where; a = the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction, b = the gas production from the insoluble fraction, a+b = potential degradability, c the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (b), t = incubation time, according to the model of Ørskov and McDonald (1979).
The energy values of DPW and TDPW were calculated from the amount of gas produced at 24 h of incubation with supplementary analysis of crude protein, ash, crude fat (Menke et al., 1979;Menke and Steingass, 1988).Gas is 24 h net gas production (ml/g DM); CP is crude protein (% DM); EE is Ether extract (% DM), Then net energy unit converted to be MJ/kg DM.
The data were subjected to analysis statistical using SPSS statistics 22 (2013).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proximate analysis of date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) is presented in Table 1.
The values of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) in TDPW were higher than that in DPW, might be due to the low content of ash in TDPW (15.79%) compared to DPW (33.07%).The crude protein of date palm leaves is usually low, about 4.83-7% (El-Waziry et al., 2013;Arhab et al., 2006;Genin et al., 2004;Medjekal et al., 2011;El-Hag and El-Khanjari, 1992) and the values of those authors are lower compared to the present values for DPW and TDPW (8.04-12.02%).The increasing of CF and NFE in TDPW compared to DPW probably due to content of CF and NFE in mushroom residues contained TDPW, high cellulose and low lignin (Samsudin et al., 2013).(1979), Gas (Y) = a + b (1-exp -ct ), where; a = the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction, b = the gas production from the insoluble fraction, a+b = potential degradability, c the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (b), t = incubation time; 2 standard error of means

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Table 2 shows the cumulative of gas production produced from DPW and TDPW during 72 h incubation.The extent of gas production at 72 h was 23.44 and 23.00 ml for DPW and TDPW, respectively.There was no significant (p>0.05)difference between DPW and TDPW in gas production during 72 h incubation except at only 48 h.The same trend was detected between DPW and TDPW in potential degradability (a+b) and the gas production rate (c) (Table 3).The values were 23.39 and 22.94 ml for a+b and 0.092 and 0.094 for c in DPW and TDPW, respectively.The values of gas production, a+b and c in the present study are in agreement with the results of El-Waziry et al. (2013).Although they evaluated dry date palm vs silage of date palm.The treatment of mushroom (Pleurotus florida) growing in of date palm wastes (called spent mushroom substrate) did not affect gas production, potential degradability and the rate of gas production in comparison with untreated date palm wastes.Gas production has been widely used to measure the nutritive value of feedstuff, crop by-product wastes and desert plants (El-Waziry et al., 2005;El-Waziry, 2007;El-Waziry et al., 2007;Razligi et al., 2011;Getachew et al., 1998).nificant differences between DPW and TDPW in GPSF, GPNSF and SCFA, this is might be due to the gas production at 24 h of incubation.Because GPSF, GPNSF and SCFA were calculated using gas values produced in the media at 24 h, and there was no significant difference between DPW and TDPW in gas production during the incubation time.The results of Akinfemi and Ogunwole (2012) are contrary with the present results of SCFA, due to the differences of the type of substrates, the type of fungi and the activity of microbes in the media.
There are a positive correlation between gas production and GPSF, GPNSF and SCFA in the current study.In general, gas production is mostly resulted of carbohydrates fermentation, while gas production from the fermentation of protein is quite small in comparison with carbohydrate fermentation, however gas produced from fat is negligible (Wolin, 1960).The in vitro gas production technique has been used to measure the energy value of feedstuffs (Getachew et al., 1998;El-Waziry et al., 2005, 2007;Aiple et al., 1996) particularly straws (Makkar et al., 1999;Nasser et al., 2009;Sallam et al., 2007) agro-industrial by products (Krishna and Gunther, 1987;Sallam et al., 2008) tropical feeds (Krishnamoorthy et al., 1995;Sallam, 2005, El-Waziry, 2007;El-Waziry et al., 2013) and grasses (Al-Koaik et al., 2014).Determination of the digestibility of feeds in vivo technique is hard method, expensive, needful large amounts of feeds, and it is mainly unsuitable for single feedstuff so making it unacceptable for regular feed evaluation (Getachew et al., 2005).The gas production technique has been widely used as a simple method, suitable, fast, and allows a large number of samples to be evaluated.It could be concluded that fungal treatment of date palm wastes not only improved the CP contents but also improved ME, NE, OMD and MP.Mushroom treated date palm wastes "called spent mushroom substrate" have a good potential as feed resources for ruminant animals and could be used as useful source of fibre to supply the energy for ruminants.

Table 2 :
cumulative of gas production (ml) produce from date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) during 72 h incubation time 1 standard error of means; a,b mean values within a column with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05)

Table 3 :
Parameters 1 of gas production produced from date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) during 72 h incubation 1 cumulative gas production data were fitted to the model of Ørskov and McDonald

Table 4 :
Predicted Akinfemi and Ogunwole (2012)nergy (ME), net energy (NE), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and microbial protein (MP) are given in Table4.There were significant (p<0.05)differences between DPW and TDPW in ME, NE, OMD and MP, and The TDPW had the higher values compared to DPW.The increase of ME, NE, OMD and MP in TDPW vs DPW could be attributed to the increase of CP, EE, CF and NFE resulted to the treatment growing of mushroom in DPW.The trend of the present results is agreed with the results ofAkinfemi and Ogunwole (2012)concerning to ME and OMD.There was no significant difference between linen straw and treated linen straw with white fungi in ME,NE, OMD and MP (Nasser et al.,  2009).

Table 5 :
Gas 1 standard error of means Gas production produced from soluble (GPSF) and insoluble (GPNSF) fractions of date palm wastes (DPW) and treated date palm wastes (TDPW) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are shown in Table5.There were no sig-Advances inAnimal and Veterinary Sciences April 2016 | Volume 4 | Issue 4 | Page 198